Chapter 12 Summary

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1. The organs are the inner-ear organs that sense head motion and gravity and contribute to our equilibrium sense.
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2. The vestibular organs include three canals (horizontal, anterior, and posterior), which sense angular motion, and two organs (utricle and saccule), which sense both gravity and linear acceleration.
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3. cells are the mechanoreceptors that convert both orientation with respect to gravity and head motion into signals that are sent to the brain.
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4. Our equilibrium sense includes spatial perception as well as postural, vestibulo-autonomic, and vestibulo-ocular reflexes.
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5. We do not have a vestibular sense, but our vestibular system makes a predominant contribution to our sense of equilibrium. More specifically, our equilibrium sense uses information from multiple sensory systems—with the vestibular and systems making predominant contributions.
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6. Spatial orientation includes three perceptual modalities: linear motion, angular motion, and tilt. Direction and are qualities that define each of these three perceptual modalities.
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7. The vestibular system contributes to spatial orientation perception, but the brain processes the vestibular information to yield perceptions that differ substantially from the signals found on the neurons.
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8. We are exquisitely sensitive to head motion even in the dark, recognizing the directions of rotation, linear motion, and tilt at very thresholds.
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9. The vestibular system contributes to dynamic visual acuity by evoking compensatory vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs).

10. The vestibular system helps maintain via postural reflexes.
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11. Vestibular problems are widespread, and treatments are limited. For Ménière’s syndrome patients, for example, the symptoms may become so disabling that patients accept treatments that yield permanent disability just to be rid of the symptoms.