Chapter 11 Summary

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1.   Musical pitch has two dimensions: tone height and tone . Musical notes are combined to form chords. Notes and chords vary in duration and are combined to form melodies.
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2.   Melodies are learned psychological entities defined by patterns of rising and falling musical pitches, with different durations and rhythms.

3.   Rhythm is important to music, and to auditory perception more broadly. The process of perceiving sound sequences is biased to rhythm.
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4.   Humans evolved to be able to produce ----- a rather narrow an extremely wide variety of sounds that can be used by languages. The production of speech sounds has three basic components: respiration, phonation, and articulation. Speech sounds vary in many dimensions, including intensity, duration, periodicity, and noisiness.
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5.   In terms of articulation and acoustics, speech sounds vary according to other ----- non-speech speech sounds that precede and follow (coarticulation). Because of coarticulation, listeners ----- can cannot use any single acoustic feature to identify a vowel or consonant. Instead, listeners must use multiple properties of the speech signal.
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6.   In general, listeners discriminate speech sounds only as well as they can label them. This is perception, which also has been shown for the perception of many other complex familiar auditory and visual stimuli.
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7.   How people perceive speech depends very much on their experience with speech sounds within a language. This experience includes learning which of the many acoustic features in speech tend to co-occur. Because of the role of experience in how we hear speech, it is often ----- easier difficult to perceive and produce new speech sounds from a second language following experience with a first language.
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8.   One of the ways that infants learn words is to use their experience with the co-occurrence of speech sounds.

9.   Speech sounds are processed in both hemispheres of the brain much like other complex sounds, until they become part of the linguistic message. Then, speech is further processed in anterior and ventral regions, mostly in the ----- left right superior temporal cortex, but also in superior posterior temporal cortex.
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